Beyond the null: Recognizing and reporting true negative findings
Science is based on ideas that might be true or false in describing reality. In order to discern between these two, scientists conduct studies that can reveal
evidence for an idea, i.e., positive findings, or not, i.e., negative or null findings. The outcome of these studies can either be true, i.e., reflecting the real world, or false.
Much has been said about disentangling true from false positive findings and the danger of a publication bias toward positive findings. Here, we argue that publishing negative findings is
important to provide an accurate picture of the real world. At the same time, we highlight that a cautious approach should be taken to minimize the impact of publishing false negative
findings, which has received limited attention so far. We discuss sources of false negative findings, using experimental and observational animal behavior and cognition studies as examples, which
often differ from those of false positive findings. We conclude by recommending strategies for rigorous studies, such as conducting positive controls, selecting diverse samples, designing
engaging protocols, and clearly labeling negative findings. These practices will lead to studies that contribute to our knowledge, regardless of whether they result in positive or negative
findings.
Schweinfurth, M.K. & Frommen, J.G. (2025). Beyond the null: Recognizing and reporting true negative findings. iScience 28:
111676.